The Secret of Gre Argument Essay That No One Is Talking About

The Secret of Gre Argument Essay That No One Is Talking About What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Gre Argument Essay Possessing a few minor errors in your essay is fine, provided that the errors don't allow it to be impossible to comprehend what you're attempting to say. One of the absolute most important features about a compelling essay is its capacity to convince the reader with sound logical reasoning. ETS has not spoken out about the perfect length of an essay, and there is absolutely no word on the term limit as such. When you check at two sentences, the outcome isn't acceptable for the cause. If you intend to apply to graduate school, you may have to spend the Graduate Record Examinations, or GRE. Reasoning plays an essential part in specifying the total caliber of your essay. Actually, the GRE Essay scores can really be a fantastic boost to your profile. The ideal way to find out how to find a high Analytical Writing score is to take a look at a GRE essay sample , but doing so with no guidance can be overwhelming. Substance matters more than every other element in regards to your essays. If you take a look at the statistics below, you might have to concur with me. However you get ready for the essays, make sure you at least write a couple of each type before you take the actual GRE. There are scores and scores of mock essays on the web, and with a very simple google search, you can get access to several essays for the GRE. The very first part of the essay we'll analyze is the way that it succeeds in identifying and examining the sections of the argument that relate to the undertaking. If you discover that the writer did not provide just what you expected, request a revision, and we'll make the corrections. It is essential that the thesis statement ought to be slimmed down so as to adhere to the guidelines of the given writing exercise. Essentially, you wish to open with a fast intro stating the way the paragraph is weak for a wide range of factors. Rumors, Deception and Gre Argument E ssay Students might easily be spending time communicating with one another, playing games, or viewing material that is entirely irrelevant and perhaps even bad for their development practice. Consequently, they will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing. Every student necessitates help with homework from time to time. Not enough higher school students center on math, and having the ability to access the web and be exposed to different learning tools and practice tests are going to be a fantastic thing. There is, in addition, the possible slippery slope to think about. The blame cannot be soley be set on the city park department. The argument is weakened by the presence of several facets which might have directly or indirectly affected the normal property values of the Brookville community in the past seven decades. Also, it does not cover the additional cost of putting computers in the schools. Using Gre Argument Essay This essay is one possible reac tion to the argument. The essay graders understand that you simply get 30 minutes to compose each AWA essay and in addition, they know that you won't have the ability to cover every potential argument, reason and rebuttal. The intro ought to be short and sweet. After that, choose your top three or four, and formulate a succinct outline before you begin your essay. Simply take a couple of minutes to plan your response and compose an outline before beginning your essay. Don't forget it is not a narrative essay, rather an essay that is directed at analyzing the subject. There are various sorts of essays that I would assume most of you are already familiarized with. Essay writing per se is no simple endeavor to do. There are 176 possible topics you are going to be requested to write about on the GRE Argument essay, and they all are offered for free internet. Employing good words improves the standard of the essay. Nowadays you know what it can take to receive an ideal essay score. A whole lot of you may believe the GRE AWA section isn't really the most essential one as it doesn't have the exact weightage as verbal and math scores but that isn't correct. The GRE is composed of three distinct sections. So, it's rather safe to say that the AWA score is a significant enough element in regards to admissions. You will get your essay scores approximately 10-15 days following your test date. The most frequently encountered paper writing service that the bulk of our clients require is essay writing. The statement assumes that everybody in Mason City enjoys some form of recreational activity, which might not be necessarily accurate. Pay attentio n to what evidence is supplied, what's mentioned in the prompt, and what's claimed by the author.

My Story of Race Essay Example For Students

My Story of Race Essay I am 75% black and 25% Cherokee Indian. My father is black brick layer from Mexico, Missouri and my mother is half black and Cherokee Indian from Macon, Missouri. When asked what race I am on informational forms I use to say black because there was no opinion for multiracial people until 2000. As far as my ethnicity goes, Im a little confused. Even though I am black, I’m not African nor do I practice any African culture. I am part Indian but I have no ties to the native culture either. So I can only conclude that I am of American ethnicity. Growing up as a kid I was naà ¯ve to race for the most part. Up until I was eleven years old, I cant remember being singled out because of my color. It wasnt until Jimmy, the white boy from up the street told me he couldnt invite me to play basketball in his backyard because he parents didnt like blacks; that I even realized that racial issues even existed. I guess after that event I began to open my ears and make sense of my father’s scaling words, â€Å"The White Man aint gonna give you s*** for free. You gotta work twice as hard to get everything. Anytime my sisters and I didnt do our homework or misbehaved in school we got the â€Å"white man speech. † Born in 1955, the year Rosa Parks was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for not giving up her seat for a white man, Emmett Till was killed by a white man and the Civil Rights Movement was being set in motion, my dad had a different view of racism than me. I could see how his views reflected a world ran by white men with no promising future for any other race. By no means was my father racist, he had white co-workers that came over the house all the time. I dont think that his goal for us was to dislike them, he just wanted us to know that we were born into disadvantage because of our color. I started out my high school years making friends with many different races and ethnicities. I was a part of many different school programs that threw people of every walk of life, like the Multi-Cultural Choir. I treated everyone the same but had my thoughts of disadvantage always hanging over my head. I thought the Chinese kids were smart and just as rich as the white kids with their cars, expensive clothes and popularity in and out the school. Although everyone seemed to get along I believed most of them looked down on us blacks. I came from a family of â€Å"hand me downs† and rode the bus to school as did most of us black kids. My thoughts were never confirmed by anyone’s actions or confessions. Our school was a melting pot and every race had there rich, popular and athletic share. September 11th happened in my senior year of high school. Even with all the knowledge being stuffed down our throats, no one could understand such a heartless act. There was a different vibe in the hallways when Arab kids walked by. Jokes were made, racist threats were made, and â€Å"rag heads† became the names to mostly anyone who looked like them. I didn’t take part in the bullying but I was mad at â€Å"these people† that terrorize America. I finished out that year with a sense of paranoid thinking. What was gonna happen next? Who they strike closer to my home next? I would say this event definitely opened my eyes to the political size of the world. Years later in my adulthood I have continued a relationship with people of every color and ethnicity. I have learned that no one can take responsibility for their race’ behavior. .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a , .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a .postImageUrl , .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a , .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a:hover , .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a:visited , .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a:active { border:0!important; } .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a:active , .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uda663deada73474fb8eec32ac2885e9a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: sexual harassment EssayThere is no particular behavior that is tied to just one race. Every race has its criminals, people living in poverty, rich, famous and so forth. I’ve seen my share of suicide bombers, school shootings, serial killers, homeless people, and the rich and famous. We all at the end of the day are human beings. We all have the same God given right to be who we want to be. Some have to work harder than others but we can work together as a team to change that. We can help provide the future generations a world where race doesnt exist.

Disabled by Wilfred Owen and Whos for the game by Jessie Pope Essay Example

Disabled by Wilfred Owen and Whos for the game by Jessie Pope Essay The two poems I have chosen are Disabled by Wilfred Owen and Whos for the game by Jessie Pope. Both Poems are set around the war but they show very different perspectives. In Disabled, Owen tells the story of a young man from the Scottish Regiment who was a fellow patient in the hospital Owen was sent to after suffering from shell shock. Owen was very disillusioned with the idea of war and wrote to show people the truth and obliterate the image of war created by propaganda. Pope was a member of the White Feather Brigade, as they were known. Women who felt it was their duty to their country to send their men to war. Any woman who was seen out with a man not in uniform was labelled a traitor; men who did not join up were presented with white feathers as a symbol of their cowardice. Popes work was much a piece of the propaganda Owen was standing up against. She was calling the men of Britain to arms. The first thing to strike the reader would be the difference in mood between the two pieces; Owens work is melancholy the tale of one man contemplating his wasted life. In the second line he talks of his ghastly suit of grey, this could refer to his demob suit or more likely the mood of the subject. Whereas Popes poem is very light almost like a song, the language is simple in order to reach a wider audience. We will write a custom essay sample on Disabled by Wilfred Owen and Whos for the game by Jessie Pope specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Disabled by Wilfred Owen and Whos for the game by Jessie Pope specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Disabled by Wilfred Owen and Whos for the game by Jessie Pope specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The boy in Disabled is looking back at his vanity with regret. He appears to spend his time waiting for each day to end as if he was just waiting to die. He hears children at play they only serve as a reminder of what he has lost; he was little more than a child when he joined the war. As evening draws in he remembers the way the town came to life at night, again this is painful he will never again come to life and dance and be happy. Pope refers to the war as a game and a fight, this could be interpreted as a call to children, which indeed happened, the character in disabled admits that he was underage when he enlisted, no-one seemed to care. They just smiled and wrote his lie. The two poems also refer to sport although in different ways. Pope asks who wants a turn in the show and mentions those who do not join in as being left in the stands possibly the football stands for spectators. In the fourth and sixth stanza Owen refers to his subjects love of football. How he was carried off the field victorious with a wound to the leg. The fact that he was also carried off the battlefield with leg injuries, but this time he lost his limbs suggests that Pope is wrong to belittle war and its horrors war is not a game and it certainly is not childs play. Pope is asking her audience to see the war as glamorous which indeed is what Owens character did he admits to enlisting to impress, he wanted to attract the girls. He was told he would look good in uniform, he speaks of his good looks, of his vanity. At this point he had no fear, he had no cares he was not afraid of anything. He wanted the fame and the glamour that people like Pope were offering. He didnt think about the people he would be fighting against. He had nothing personal against them they were just enemy. Pope uses personification to refer to Britain as a woman. Indeed she is asking the men to join up and protect her as a man should protect his woman. An act of chivalry! Pope is taunting the men, if they do not enlist and fight for their country they are not men, they are cowards. At the end of the poem when she asks if they will stand and bite their thumbs, it may be suggested that she is likening them to babies sucking their thumbs. Pope mentions a crutch as if it may be a souvenir, one could be forgiven for wondering how the boy in disabled might feel hearing this, he has his souvenir of war. A suit without legs which has the sleeves sewn short at the elbow. He threw his limbs and his life away for his country, as did so many others. He did as he was asked what has he got to show for it? Pope uses repetition in the second stanza to emphasise the fact that their country needed help she needed men in the ranks, Pope questions the men and boys repeatedly as if waiting for an answer. Pope mentions the celebrations as the boys are sent off. Owens boy knew all about that but the return was very different. He went away a young boy and returned an old man, he will never be whole, or have his independence. All he will have is a few more years spent in institutions while he waited to die, with women looking at him in pity. He will never have the pleasure of a woman, he will not be the one taking women to his bed, he will be relying on the women to put him to bed. In her work Pope is shouting out to the people to come join in with the fun, she is calling out for patriotism asking the men to lay down their lives for their country and asking the women to send their husbands and sons. She is speaking to them colloquially, using their language and challenging them. The poem is written very simplistically using phrases and terms that attract all, in particular the younger generation. The phrase up to her neck is a slang term, which as well as using personification is a more graphic description than to give exact details of where the war is up to at that moment. It may be suggested that Pope was a very persuasive woman who did a great deal to help the war effort and send men cheerfully to their death, which is possibly why men like Owen felt the need to stand up and have their story heard. Owen does not attempt to spare the feelings of the reader his intention is to shock. He wants the people to know the truth; it may be argued that he felt a responsibility to the youth of his country to let them know what they were in for. War was not all cheering and shouting as Pope suggested. War was horrific, it took lives and the lives that were spared would never be the same again.

Use of Characterization in Miguel Street Essay Example

Use of Characterization in Miguel Street Essay Example Use of Characterization in Miguel Street Paper Use of Characterization in Miguel Street Paper Essay Topic: Casablanca The authors Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul, commonly known as V. S Naipaul was born in Trinidad, on 17th of August 1932. His family descended from immigrants from north of India. His grandfather worked in a sugar cane plantation and his father was a journalist and a writer. He was educated at Queens Royal College and after winning a government scholarship, he went on to study in England at University College in Oxford from where he achieved his Bachelor of Arts degree. Apart from a few years in the middle of 1950s when he was employed by BBC as a free-lance journalist, he has devoted himself entirely to his writing. His works consist mainly of novels and short-stories, but some are also documentaries. In the beginning he found himself rootless, as he felt alienated from his background but he found his voice as a writer in the mid 1950s, when he started to examine his own Trinidadian background. Most of his novels revolve around the Trinidadian society and Miguel Street is one of them which came out in 1959. Miguel Street has been classified as a group of short stories, as a series of sketches and as a novel. It is considered as a novel because of the fact that it is unified by a single narrator and by several patterns and themes. It can be seen as a group of short stories and a series of sketches because each chapter is dominated by a single character. Furthermore those major characters reappear as minor characters in other chapters. Characterization is a key factor in understanding Naipaulss Miguel Street and V. S Naipaul reveals its characters in a certain way. He uses conflict to reveal a character to the reader and the other characters in the novel. Most of the characters in the book are controversial and each character has an element of conflict. The readers learn about a character through the conflict they are facing and the way that character faces its conflict. It is conflict through which the nature of the character is revealed and the way that character thinks when faced with different problems. V. S Naipaul has used a narrator boy through whose eyes we see other characters. The narrator is a young boy in his adolescence whose observation of the people of the street also reflects his unconscious awakening as he grows from childhood through boyhood to early manhood. His growing up process is reflected in the unmasking of the characters who are each introduced initially as mysterious, romantic or colorful personalities who win the admiration of the people of the street until they are gradually exposed to emerge in their true colors. They are forced to emerge in their true colors when their conflict is revealed. V. S Naipaul uses the narrator boy and the gang to a certain extent to bring each of the characters one by one under a microscope where they are examined in detail. First the readers are given a fake image of the character because the character lies about his real identity and hides the conflict or the problem they are facing. But as soon as the conflict is revealed to the readers and the other characters in the novel, they all get to see the real side of the character. It is not only his peculiarities which are revealed but also their frustrations in life and their gradual decline from high expectations to an acceptance of failure, resignation to it or resorting to escape from the street. Bogart Bogart is the first character that the readers are introduced to. He has no identity and it is ironic how his mysteriousness is accepted unquestioningly by the people of Miguel Street. No one really knows about Bogart, not even his real name. He was first named Patience just because he plays a cards game called Patience all day and then he is given the name Bogart because of his resemblance to an actor in a movie called Casablanca. He comes to Miguel Street from somewhere and becomes the most popular man in the street at one point as the narrator boy says on page 11 He was at one time quite the most popular man in the street. Bogart creates a fake identity of himself in Miguel Street and never tells anyone about his real story, about his problem or conflict that he is facing. In fact he goes way out of his real life into fantasy which is apparent when he explains where he had disappeared to, on page 14 He had got a job on a ship and had gone to British Guiana. There he had deserted, and gone into the interior. He became a cowboy on the Rupununi, smuggled things into Brazil, and had gathered some girls from Brazil and taken them to Goergetown. He was running the best brothel in the town when the police treacherously took his bribes and arrested him. So he creates this fake identity of himself. However everything is revealed altogether when he is arrested under the charge of bigamy. He had left his first wife in Tunapuna because they could not have any children which questioned his manhood. So to avoid reality he ran away and came to Miguel Street. Then after some time he goes away and makes a baby with a Caroni Girl, Bogart still returns to Miguel Street to be a man as Hat explains at the end. POPO Popo story is quiet similar to Bogarts. He is also at first seen as a happy person. He also creates a fake identity of himself for self-amusement. He calls himself a carpenter and pretends to be busy building a thing without a name. He doesnt do anything for living and depends entirely on his wife who is employed as a cook. He shows off his prosperity in life and his status as a carpenter. He stands in the sun every morning with a glass of rum which he doesnt drink, he just holds it and when someone passes by he dips his fingers and licks them and waves at the person which shows that he is just showing off and enjoys himself being envied by other characters in the Miguel Street. However, when his conflict comes up the readers and the other characters in Miguel Street get to see a new character of Popo. His wife suddenly runs away with a gardener in her workplace and it is after that a change in Popos life-style is seen. It is also from there the readers and the other characters learn about Popo. He is no longer a man to be envied and then he disappears from Miguel Street just like Bogart and beats the guy with whom his wife had run away. He comes back to Miguel Street as a completely changed man. He starts working day and night at his carpentry and is no longer making the thing without a name. He even paints his house a bright green and red as though to express his new-found character. Eventually, his wife returns, takes up her old employment and Popo reverts to the old life of making the thing without a name.

Evaluating The Research Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evaluating The Research Process - Essay Example Thomson Medical carried out a research on childhood obesity focused with the research questions such as; what are the costs of obesity, what are the appropriate treatment patterns, what are the disparities in care and prevalent medical conditions. This study considered the following ethical issues when collecting data; consent, privacy and confidentiality. The facilitator had to obtain consent from parents and guardians by promising them that the names of the children affected was not to be revealed. Thus, the question of privacy and confidentiality was addressed from the parental consent. Obesity is considered as an epidemic in America. A research quoted in the literature review indicates that 16% of U.S children could be obese (Christofell, 2012). Further the study shows that the health problem is more prevalent to children covered by public health insurance for instance Medicaid as compared to those covered by private insurances. According to the findings, children covered by publ ic health insurance are about six times like to be treated with obesity as compared to those covered by private insurance. ... ational cost of childhood obesity is estimated to be approximately $11 billion for children with private insurance and $3 billion for those in Medicaid. In addition children covered by Medicaid are six times more likely to be diagnosed with obesity than those covered by private insurance. Obesity was also found to be a major cause of absents in schools where it was found that obese children are absent for more days than the average weight children. Among the studied population, obese children missed school for 12.2 days on average per year while those of average weight missed for an average of 10 days (Christofell, 2012). Such kind of absenteeism disrupts children learning, causes parents to miss work has accost effect to the school systems. Children diagnosed with obesity are 2 to 3 more likely to be hospitalized and children who receive public insurance are less likely to visit the doctor but they are more likely visit the hospital more often as compared to children with private in surance (Wilkins, 2011). Children treated for obesity is more likely to get a mental health disorders or joint and bone disorders than non-obese children. Treatment for these conditions can contribute to the higher medical costs than average weight children. Other conditions, such as diabetes and heart disease are likely to emerge as these children age, causing medical costs associated with obesity to continue rising. The methodology used involved an analysis examination of the subset of children treated for obesity as recorded in the national database for children with private health insurance and database of children with public insurance. The research focused on children aged 17 years and under who had received diagnosis of obesity as small fraction of the obese children because most

Abnormal Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Abnormal Psychology - Essay Example It is probably the best illustration ÃŽ ¿f a temperament potentially involved in the etiology ÃŽ ¿f these disorders. The behaviors associated with the behavioral inhibition construct have been demonstrated to be stable over time; these children have been observed to develop an increase in anxiety disorders, particularly social phobia, as they mature. In addition, their relatives have been demonstrated to exhibit more anxiety disorders. Finally, and most pertinent to the articles in this volume, this childhood history has been shown to be predictive ÃŽ ¿f a poorer response to treatment ÃŽ ¿f panic disorder in adulthood. All this evidence suggests that behavioral inhibition, and the highly related separation anxiety in children, can serve as excellent models ÃŽ ¿f temperamental predispositions to anxiety that can probably predict adult anxiety disorders, as well as certain characteristics (e.g., treatment refractoriness) ÃŽ ¿f these disorders. This work "connects" adult anxiety disorders longitudinally to childhood issues, at least at the level ÃŽ ¿f the models we utilize to understand these disorders. In DSM-IV, for the first time, adult anxiety disorders are recognized as beginning in childhood. However, the extent to which adult anxiety disorders begin in childhood is still not determined; research is urgently needed but is difficult because ÃŽ ¿f its longitudinal nature. On the other hand, the evidence suggests that anxiety difficulties can wax and wane through childhood and routate into other problems over time. Also, there is a clear impact ÃŽ ¿f parental behavior on anxiety. Both these issues lead us to broaden our model ÃŽ ¿f these difficulties beyond mere temperament. A model ÃŽ ¿f a genetic predisposition or temperament that invariably, and with little other influence, develops into adult anxiety disorders does not seem to fit the data. Instead, there is strong evidence that different parenting behaviors affect the

Three Phase System Outline

Three Phase System Outline Single phase systems are defined by having an AC source with only one voltage waveform. Figure 1 is a simple AC circuit. Single-phase power distribution is widely used especially in rural areas, because the cost of a single-phase distribution network is low. Figure 1:- Single phase system schematic diagram Today most of the electrical power generated in the world is three-phase. Three-phase power was first conceived by Nikola Tesla. Three-phase power was the most efficient way that electricity could be produced, transmitted, and consumed. A three-phase generator has three separate but identical windings that are 1200 electrical apart from one another. 5.2 Three Phase Circuit Three-phase voltage systems are composed of three sinusoidal voltages of equal magnitude, equal frequency and separated by 120 degrees, as shown in Figure 2. It is one voltage cycle of a 3 phase system. It is labeled 0 to 360 ° (2 Ï€ radians) along the time axis. The plotted lines show the variation of instantaneous voltage (or current) over time. This power wave cycle will repeat usually  50 (50Hz), 60 (60Hz), or 400 (400Hz)  times per second, depending on the power system  frequency (Hz). The colors of the lines are in the  American Color Code for 3-phase wiring. It is black=VL1  red=VL2blue=VL3. Figure 2:- Three phase waveforms Three phase systems may or may not have a neutral wire. The neutral wire allows 3 phase systems to use a higher voltage while still supporting lower voltage 1 phase appliances. In  high voltage 3 phase distribution  situations it is common not to have a neutral wire as the loads can simply be connected between phases (phase-phase connection). 5.2.1 Advantage over Single Phase system Three phase system is better to single phase system. The reason for the advantage over single phase system is given below. The horsepower rating of three-phase motors and the KVA (kilo-volt-amp) rating of three-phase transformers is about 150% greater than for single-phase motors or transformers with a similar frame size. Figure 3:- Single-phase power falls to zero three times each cycle. Figure 4:- Three-phase power never falls to zero. The power delivered by a single-phase system pulsates, as shown in Figure 3. The power falls to zero three times during each cycle. The power delivered by a three-phase circuit pulsates also, but it never falls to zero, as shown in Figure 4. In a three-phase system, the power delivered to the load is the same at any instant. This produces superior operating characteristics for three-phase motors. In a balanced three-phase system, the conductors need be only about 75% the size of conductors for a single-phase two-wire system of the same KVA rating. This helps offset the cost of supplying the third conductor required by three-phase systems. If a magnetic field is rotate through the conductors of a stationary coil then a single phase alternating voltage can be produced. This explanation is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5:- A single-phase voltage. Since alternate polarities of the magnetic field cut through the conductors of the stationary coil, the induced voltage will change polarity at the same speed as the rotation of the magnetic field. The alternator shown in Figure 5 is single phase because it produces only one AC voltage. Figure 6:- The voltages of a three-phase system are 120 ° out of phase with each other. If three separate coils are spaced 120 ° apart, as shown in Figure 6, three voltages 120 ° out of phase with each other will be produced when the magnetic field cuts through the coils. This is the manner in which a three-phase voltage is produced. 5.2.2 Classification Three-phase supply voltages and load systems have two basic configurations: a). wye or star connection and b). delta connection. 5.3 Star and Delta connection The Wye is a 4-wire system. Wye configurations typically include a neutral line (N) connected to the common point (3 phase plus neutral for a total of four wires), as shown in Figure 7. Figure 7:- A wye connections is formed by joining one end of each of the windings together. The Delta, as shown in Figure 8, is a 3-wire system which is primarily used to provide power for three-phase motor loads. The system is normally ungrounded and has only one three-phase voltage available. The lack of a system ground makes it difficult to protect for ground faults. Often, a ground detection scheme, employing ground lamps, is used to provide an indication or alarm in the event of a system ground. The Delta System is sometimes corner grounded to protect for ground faults on the other two phases. Figure 8:- Three-phase delta connection 5.4 Phasor diagrams 5.4.1 Star connection The voltage measured across a single winding or phase is known as the phase voltage, as shown in Figure 9. The voltage measured between the lines is known as the line-to-line voltage or simply as the line voltage. The currents flowing in the phases are called phase currents and currents flowing in the lines are called line currents. Figure 9:- Line and phase voltages are different in a wye connection. The parallelogram method of vector addition for the voltages in a wye-connected three-phase system is shown in Figure 10. Figure 10 shows how the line voltage may be obtained using the normal parallelogram addition. Figure 10:- Phasor diagram of Star connection Voltage However, the line voltage is not equal to the phase voltage. The line voltage V1-2 is equal to the phasor difference of VA and VB. The line voltage V2-3 is equal to the phasor difference of VB and VC. The line voltage V3-1 is equal to the phasor difference of VC and VA. The line voltages are defined as: V1-2 = VA VB, V2-3 = VB-VC, and V3-1 = VC-VA. Here V1-2, V2-3, V3-1 are the line voltage (VLine) and VA, VB, VC are the phase voltage (VPhase) of Wye connection. VA, VB, VC are the reverse phase voltage of VA,VB, VC. The two phasors VA and VB are 600 apart. V1-2 = VLine = VA VB = [VPhase (-VPhase)] cos(600/2) = 2 VPhase cos300 = √3 VPhase The two phasors VB and VC are 600 apart. V2-3 = VLine = VB-VC = √3 VPhase The two phasors VC and VA are 600 apart. V3-1 = VLine = VC-VA = √3 VPhase  Ã…“ V1-2 = V2-3 = V3-1 = line voltage = VLine =√3 VPhase Current On a Wye system or star connected supply, the phase unbalance current is carried by the neutral. On a Wye system, the line current (current in the line) (ILine) is equal to the phase current (current in a phase) (IPhase) i.e. ILine = IPhase Power Total power P = 3 Power in each phase = 3 VPhase IPhase cosÃŽ ¦ = 3 (VLine/√3) ILine cosÃŽ ¦ [for Wye connection] = √3 VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦ Where VLine and ILine are the line voltage and the line current of a star connected supply. The term cosÃŽ ¦ is called power factor of the circuit and its value is given by; cosÃŽ ¦ = R/Z Where R and Z are the resistance and impedance of a circuit. 5.4.2 DELTA CONNECTIONS In Figure 11, voltmeters have been connected across the lines and across the phase. Ammeters have been connected in the line and in the phase. Figure 11:- Voltage and current relationships in a delta connection The delta connection is similar to a parallel connection because there is always more than one path for current flow. Since these currents are 120 ° out of phase with each other, vector addition must be used when finding the sum of the currents, as shown in Figure 12. Figure 12:- Phasor Diagram of Delta connection Voltage In the delta connection, the three voltages are equal in magnitude but displaced 1200 from one another. In the delta connection, line voltage (VLine) and phase voltage (Vphase) are the same. VLine = Vphase Current In the delta connection, the line current and phase current are different. The line current is the vector sum of two individual phase currents. The line current I1 is equal to the phasor difference of IA and IC. The line current I2 is equal to the phasor difference of IB and IA. The line current I3 is equal to the phasor difference of IC and IB. The line currents are defined as: I1 = IA IC, I2 = IB IA and I3 = IC IB. Here I1, I2, I3 are the line current (ILine) and IA, IB, IC are the phase current (IPhase) of Wye connection. IA, IB, IC are the reverse phase current of IA, IB, IC. The two phasors IA and IC are 600 apart. I1 = ILine = IA IC = [IPhase (-IPhase)] cos(600/2) = 2 IPhase cos300 = √3 IPhase The two phasors IB and IA are 600 apart. I2 = ILine = IB IA = √3 IPhase The two phasors IC and IB are 600 apart. I3 = ILine = IC IB = √3 IPhase  Ã…“ I1 = I2 = I3 = ILine = line current = √3 IPhase However, the line current of a delta connection is higher than the phase current by a factor of the square root of 3 (1.732). Power Total power P = 3 Power in each phase = 3 VPhase IPhase cosÃŽ ¦ = 3 VLine- (ILine/√3) cosÃŽ ¦ [for delta connection] = √3 VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦ Where VLine, ILine and cosÃŽ ¦ are the line voltage, the line current and power factor of a delta connected supply. 5.5 Relationship between line and phase quantities 5.5.1 Star connection On a Wye system, the line current is equal to the phase current i.e. ILine = IPhase Where ILine and IPhase are the line current and phase current of Wye connection. In a wye connected system, the line voltage is higher than the phase voltage by a factor of the square root of 3 (1.732). Two formulas used to compute the voltage in a wye connected system are: VLine = √3 VPhase = 1.732 VPhase  Ã…“ VPhase = VLine / 1.732 Where VLine and VPhase are the line voltage and phase voltage of Wye connection. 5.5.2 Delta connection In the delta connection, line voltage and phase voltage are the same. VLine = Vphase Where VLine and VPhase are the line voltage and phase voltage of delta connection. Formulas for determining the current in a delta connection are: Where ILine and IPhase are the line current and phase current of delta connection. 5.6 Power measurement by two watt meters method In two wattmeters method, current coils of the two wattmeters are connected in any two terminals of Wye system, as shown in Figure 13. The algebraic sum of two wattmeters gives the total power consumed whether the load is balanced or not i.e. Total power = W1 + W2 Figure 13:- Wye connected load Figure 14:- Phasor Diagram The power factor angle of load impedance being ÃŽ ¦ lag. The currents will lag behind their respective phase voltages by ÃŽ ¦ as shown in Fig. 14. Current through current coil of W1 = IA. Potential difference across potential coil of W1, V1-2 = VA VB. The phase angle between V1-2 and IA is (300 + ÃŽ ¦).  Ã…“ W1 = V1-2 IA cos(300 + ÃŽ ¦) Current through current coil of W2 = IB. Potential difference across potential coil of W2, V2-3 = VB-VC. The phase angle between V2-3 and IB is (300 ÃŽ ¦).  Ã…“ W2 = V2-3 IB cos(300 ÃŽ ¦) Here load is balanced, V1-2 = V2-3 = VLine = line voltage and IA = IB = ILine = line current.  Ã…“ W1 = VLine ILine cos(300 + ÃŽ ¦)  Ã…“ W2 = VLine ILine cos(300 ÃŽ ¦)  Ã…“ W1 + W2 = VLine ILine [cos(300 + ÃŽ ¦) + cos(300 ÃŽ ¦)] = VLine ILine(2cos300cosÃŽ ¦) = √3VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦  Ã…“ W2 W1 = VLine ILine [cos(300 ÃŽ ¦) cos(300 + ÃŽ ¦)] = VLine ILine(2sin300sinÃŽ ¦) = VLine ILine sinÃŽ ¦ tanÃŽ ¦ = [√3 (W2 W1)] / (W1 + W2) Thus from the two wattmeter method, we can find ÃŽ ¦. PROBLEM 1. Three coils, each having a resistance of 20- and an inductive reactance of 15-, are connected in star to a 400V, 3-phase, 50Hz supply. Calculate (i) the line current (ii) power factor and (iii) power supplied. Solution:- VPhase = VLine / 1.732 = 400/1.732 = 231V ZPhase = √(202 + 152) = 25- (i) IPhase = VPhase/ ZPhase = 231/25 = 9.24A = ILine (ii) Power factor = cosÃŽ ¦ = RPhase/ ZPhase = 20/25 = 0.8 lag (iii) P = √3VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦ = √3 400 9.24 0.8 = 5121W 2. A balanced star-connected load of impedance (6 + j8)- per phase is connected to a 3-phase, 230V, 50Hz supply. Find the line current and power absorbed by each phase. Solution:- ZPhase = √(62 + 82) = 10- VPhase = VLine / 1.732 = 230/1.732 = 133V Power factor = cosÃŽ ¦ = RPhase/ ZPhase = 6/10 = 0.6 lag IPhase = VPhase/ ZPhase = 133/10 = 13.3A = ILine P = √3VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦ = √3 230 13.3 0.6 = 1061W 3. Three similar coils, connected in star, take a total power of 1.5kW at a power factor of 0.2 lagging from 3-phase, 400V, 50Hz supply. Calculate the resistance and inductance of each coil. Solution:- VPhase = VLine / 1.732 = 400/1.732 = 231V P = √3VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦  Ã…“ ILine = P / (√3VLine cosÃŽ ¦) = 1500 / (1.732 400 0.2) = 10.83A = IPhase ZPhase= VPhase/ IPhase = 231 / 10.83 = 21.33- RPhase = ZPhase cosÃŽ ¦ = 21.33 0.2 = 4.27- XPhase = √(21.332 4.272) = 20.9- LPhase = XPhase/ 2Ï€f =20.9 / (2Ï€ 50) = 0.0665H 4. The load to a 3-phase supply comprises three similar coils connected in star. The line currents are 25A and kVA and kW inputs are 20 and 11 respectively. Find (i) the phase and line voltages (ii) the kVAR input and (iii) resistance and reactance of each coil. Solution:- VPhase = Apparent power / (3 IPh) = (20-103) / (3 25) = 267V VLine= √3 VPhase=1.732-267 = 462V Input kVAR = √ (kVA2 kW2) = √ (202 112) = 16.7kVAR Power factor = cosÃŽ ¦ = kW/kVA = 11/20 ZPhase= VPhase/ IPhase = 267 / 25 = 10.68- RPhase = ZPhase cosÃŽ ¦ = 10.68 11/20 = 5.87- XPhase = √(10.682 5.872) = 8.92- 5. A balanced 3-phase, delta-connected load has per phase impedance of (25+j40)-. If 400V, 3-phase supply is connected to this load, find (i) phase current (ii) line current (iii) power supplied to the load. Solution:- ZPhase = √(252 + 402) = 47.17- IPhase= VPhase/ ZPhase = 400 / 47.17 = 8.48- ILine= √3 IPhase=1.732-8.48 = 14.7A Power factor = cosÃŽ ¦ = RPhase/ ZPhase = 25/47.17 = 0.53 lag P = √3VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦ = √3 400 14.7- 0.53 = 5397.76W 6. A balanced 3-phase load consists of three coils, each of resistance 6-, and inductive reactance of 8-. Determine the line current and power absorbed when the coils are delta-connected across 400V, 3-phase supply. Solution:- ZPhase = √(62 + 82) = 10- cosÃŽ ¦ = RPhase/ ZPhase = 6/10 = 0.6 lag VPhase = VLine = 400V IPhase= VPhase/ ZPhase = 400 / 10 = 40A ILine= √3 IPhase=1.732-40 = 69.28A P = √3VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦ = √3 400 69.28 0.6 = 28799W 7. Two-wattmeter method is used to measure the power absorbed by a 3-phase induction motor. The wattmeter readings are 12.5kW and -4.8kW. Find (i) the power absorbed by the machine (ii) load power factor (iii) reactive power taken by the load. Solution:- W2 = 12.5kW ; W1 = -4.8kW Power absorbed = W2 + W1 = 12.5 + (-4.8) = 7.7kW tanÃŽ ¦ = [√3 (W2 W1)] / (W1 + W2) = (12.5+4.8) / 7.7 = 3.89 ÃŽ ¦ = tan-13.89 = 75.60 Power factor = cosÃŽ ¦ = cos75.60 = 0.2487lag Reactive power = √3 (W2-W1) = √3 (12.5 + 4.8) = 29.96kVAR P O I N T S TO REMEMBER 1. The voltages of a three-phase system are 120 ° out of phase with each other. 2. The two types of three-phase connections are wye and delta. 3. Wye connections are characterized by the fact that one terminal of each device is connected together. 4. In a wye connection, the phase voltage is less than the line voltage by a factor of 1.732. The phase current and line current are the same. 5. In a delta connection, the phase voltage is the same as the line voltage. The phase current is less than the line current by a factor of 1.732. IMPORTANT FORMULAE 1. On a wye system, the relation between line and phase current is: ILine = IPhase 2. On a wye system, the line voltages are defined as: V1-2 = VA VB, V2-3 = VB-VC, and V3-1 = VC-VA. 3. In the delta connection, the relation between line and phase voltage is: VLine = Vphase 4. In the delta connection, the line currents are defined as: I1 = IA IC, I2 = IB IA and I3 = IC IB 5. On a wye system, the relation between line and phase voltage is: VPhase = VLine / 1.732 6. In the delta connection, the relation between line and phase current is: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. In a two phase generator, the electrical displacement between the two phases or winding is: (a) 1200 (b) 900 (c) 1800 (d) none of these 2. The advantage of star-connected supply system is that: (a) line current is equal to phase current (b) two voltages can be used (c) phase sequence can be easily changed (d) it is a simple arranged 3. In a balanced star-connected system, line voltage are ahead of their respective phase voltages. (a) 300 (b) 600 (c) 1200 (d) none of these 4. In a star connected system, the relationship between the line voltage VL and phase voltage VPh is: (a) VL = VPh (b) VL = VPh / √3 (c) VL = √3VPh (d) none of these 5. The algebraic sum of instantaneous phase voltages in a three-phase circuit is equal to: (a) zero (b) line voltage (c) phase voltage (d) none of these 6. If one line conductor of a 3-phase line is cut, the load is then supplied by: (a) single phase voltage (b) two phase voltage (c) three phase voltage (d) none of these 7. The resistance between any two terminals of a balanced star-connected load is 12-. The resistance of each phase is: (a) 12- (b) 24- (c) 6- (d) none of these 8. A 3-phase load is balanced if all the three phases have the same (a) impedance (b) power factor (c) impedance and power factor (d) none of these REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. How many degrees out of phase with each other are the voltages of a three-phase system? 2. What are the two main types of three-phase connections? 3. A wye-connected load has a voltage of 480 V applied to it. What is the voltage drop across each phase? 4. A wye-connected load has a phase current of 25 A. How much current is flowing through the lines supplying the load? 5. A delta connection has a voltage of 560 V connected to it. How much voltage is dropped across each phase? 6. A delta connection has 30 A of current flowing through each phase winding. How much current is flowing through each of the lines supplying power to the load? 7. A three-phase resistive load has a phase voltage of 240 V and a phase current of 18 A. What is the power of this load? 8. If the load in question 7 is connected in a wye, what would be the line voltage and line current supplying the load? 9. An alternator with a line voltage of 2400 V supplies a delta-connected load. The line current supplied to the load is 40 A. Assume the load is a balanced three-phase load, what is the impedance of each phase? 10. If the load is pure resistive, what is the power of the circuit in question 9? PRACTICE PROBLEMS 1. Three similar coils are star connected to a 3-phase, 400V, and 50Hz supply. If the inductance and resistance of each coil are 38.2mH and 16- respectively, determine (i) line current (ii) power factor (iii) power consumed. 2. Three 50- resistors are connected in star across 400V, 3-phase supply. (i) Find phase current, line current and power taken from the main. (ii) What would be the above value if one of the resistors were disconnected? 3. Calculate the active and reactive components of current in each phase of a star-connected 10,000 volts, 3-phase generator supplying 5,000kW at a lagging power factor 0.8. Find the new output if the current is maintained at the same value but the power factor is raised to 0.9 lagging. 4. Three 20 µF capacitors are star-connected across 420V, 50Hz, 3-phase, three wire supplies. (i) Calculate the current in each line. (ii) If one of the capacitors is short-circuited, calculate the line currents. (iii) If one of the capacitors is open-circuited, calculate the line currents and potential difference across each of the other two capacitors. 5. If the phase voltage of a 3-phase star connected alternator be 231V, what will be the line voltages (i) when the phases are correctly connected (ii) when the connections of one of the phases are reversed? 6. Calculate the phase and line currents in a balanced delta connected load taking 75kw at a power factor 0.8 from a 3-phase 440V supply. 7. Three identical resistances, each of 18-, are connected in delta across 400V, 3-phase supply. What value of resistance in each leg of balanced star connected load would take the same line current? 8. Three similar resistors are connected in star across a 415V, 3-phase supply. The line current is 10A. Calculate (i) the value of each resistance (ii) the line voltage required to give the same line current if the resistors were delta-connected. 9. Two wattmeters are used to measure power in a 3-phase balanced load. The wattmeter readings are 8.2kW and 7.2kW. Calculate (i) total power (ii) power factor and (iii) total reactive power. 10. A balanced 3-phase load takes 10kW at a power factor of 0.9 lagging. Calculate the readings on each of the two wattmeters connected to read the input power. 11. Three identical coils, each having a resistance of 20- and a reactance of 20- are connected in (i) star (ii) delta across 440v, 3-phase lines. Calculate for each method of connection the line current and readings on each of the two wattmeters connected to measure the power.